COVID-19 Global Dashboard

COVID-19 Global Dashboard

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.
March 10, 2020

Johns Hopkins University has created a global dashboard monitoring the status of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) from over 100 countries around the world. You can see a link to this dashboard from here: http://lab27b.net/covid-19

Glaski vs Bank of America NA et al – FOR PUBLICATION

Glaski vs Bank of America NA et al – FOR PUBLICATION

Edstrom_MortgageSecuritization_POSTER_17_x_22_v4_1By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

On August 8, 2013 the Fifth Appellate District in the Court of Appeal of the State of California ordered the Thomas A. Glaski vs Bank of America, NA et al decision published, stating:

 

 

As the nonpublished opinion filed on July 31, 2013, in the above entitled matter hereby meets the standards for publication specified in the California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), it is ordered that the opinion be certified for publication in the Official Reports.

Based on the importance of this case, the text of the July 31, 2013 ruling is listed verbatim:

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THOMAS A. GLASKI,Plaintiff and Appellant,v.

BANK OF AMERICA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION et al.

Defendants and Respondents.

F064556

(Super. Ct. No. 09CECG03601)

OPINION

 

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County.  Alan M. Simpson, Judge.

Law Offices of Richard L. Antognini and Richard L. Antognini; Law Offices of Catarina M. Benitez and Catarina M. Benitez, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

AlvaradoSmith, Theodore E. Bacon, and Mikel A. Glavinovich, for Defendants and Respondents.

-ooOoo-

INTRODUCTION

            Before Washington Mutual Bank, FA (WaMu) was seized by federal banking regulators in 2008, it made many residential real estate loans and used those loans as collateral for mortgage-backed securities.[1]  Many of the loans went into default, which led to nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings.  Some of the foreclosures generated lawsuits, which raised a wide variety of claims.  The allegations that the instant case shares with some of the other lawsuits are that (1) documents related to the foreclosure contained forged signatures of Deborah Brignac and (2) the foreclosing entity was not the true owner of the loan because its chain of ownership had been broken by a defective transfer of the loan to the securitized trust established for the mortgage-backed securities.  Here, the specific defect alleged is that the attempted transfers were made after the closing date of the securitized trust holding the pooled mortgages and therefore the transfers were ineffective.

In this appeal, the borrower contends the trial court erred by sustaining defendants’ demurrer as to all of his causes of action attacking the nonjudicial foreclosure.  We conclude that, although the borrower’s allegations are somewhat confusing and may contain contradictions, he nonetheless has stated a wrongful foreclosure claim under the lenient standards applied to demurrers.  We conclude that a borrower may challenge the securitized trust’s chain of ownership by alleging the attempts to transfer the deed of trust to the securitized trust (which was formed under New York law) occurred after the trust’s closing date.  Transfers that violate the terms of the trust instrument are void under New York trust law, and borrowers have standing to challenge void assignments of their loans even though they are not a party to, or a third party beneficiary of, the assignment agreement.

We therefore reverse the judgment of dismissal and remand for further proceedings.

Continue reading “Glaski vs Bank of America NA et al – FOR PUBLICATION”

Glaski Decision in California Appellate Court Turns the Corner on “Getting It”

Neil_GarfieldGlaski Decision in California Appellate Court Turns the Corner on “Getting It”

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

The following article was posted by Neil F. Garfield of livinglies.wordpress.com and comes from the following URL: http://livinglies.wordpress.com/2013/08/02/glaski-decision-in-california-appellate-court-turns-the-corner-on-getting-it/

On the other hand we should not assume that they have arrived nor that this decision will have pervasive effects throughout California or elsewhere in the United States or other countries.

J.P. Morgan did suffer a crushing defeat in this decision. And the borrower definitely receive the benefits of a judicial decision that will allow the borrower to sue for wrongful foreclosure including equitable and legal relief which in plain language means reversing the foreclosure and getting damages. Probably one of the most damaging conclusions by the appellate court is that an examination of whether the loan ever made it into the asset pool is proper in determining the proper party to initiate a foreclosure or to offer a credit bid at a foreclosure auction.  The court said that alleged transfers into the trust after the cutoff date are void under New York State law which is the law that governs the common-law trusts created by the banks as part of the fraudulent securitization scheme.

Continue reading “Glaski Decision in California Appellate Court Turns the Corner on “Getting It””

Perils of Pooling: OneWest

Neil_GarfieldPerils of Pooling: OneWest

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

The following article was posted by Neil F. Garfield of livinglies.wordpress.com and comes from the following URL: http://livinglies.wordpress.com/2013/07/31/perils-of-pooling-onewest/

Apparently my article yesterday hit a nerve. NO I wasn’t saying that the only problems were with BofA and Chase. OneWest is another example. Keep in mind that the sole source of information to regulators and the courts are the ONLY people who understand mergers and acquisitions. So it is a little like one of those TV shows where the only way they can get an arrest and conviction is for the perpetrator or suspect to confess. In this case, they “confess” all kinds of things to gain credibility and then lead the agencies and judicial system down a rabbit hole which is now a well trodden path. So many people have gone down that hole that most people that is the way to get to the truth. It isn’t. It is part of a carefully constructed series of complex conflicting lies designed carefully by some very smart lawyers who understand not just the law but the way the law works. The latter is how they are getting away with it.

Continue reading “Perils of Pooling: OneWest”

Perils of Pooling

Neil_GarfieldPerils of Pooling

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

The following article was posted by Neil F. Garfield of livinglies.wordpress.com and comes from the following URL: http://livinglies.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/perils-of-pooling/

Perils of Pooling

Posted on July 30, 2013 by Neil Garfield

We hold these truths to be self evident: that Chase never acquired any loans from Washington Mutual and that Bank of America never acquired any loans from Countrywide.  A review of the merger documents approved by the FDIC reveals that neither Chase nor Bank of America wanted to assume any liabilities in connection with the lending operations of Washington Mutual or Countrywide, respectively. The loans were expressly left out of the agreement which is available for everyone to see on the FDIC website in the reading room.

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All Assignments of a Mortgage Must Be Recorded Before the Mortgagee Begins Foreclosure by Advertisement

foreclosure_Street2All Assignments of a Mortgage Must Be Recorded Before the Mortgagee Begins Foreclosure by Advertisement

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

The Minnesota Supreme Court issued a ruling requiring strict compliance with recording assignments prior to starting a foreclosure by advertisement.

Quote from the ruling:

Under Minn. Stat. § 580.02 (2012), all assignments of a mortgage must be recorded before the mortgagee begins the process of foreclosure by advertisement. Absent strict compliance with this requirement, a foreclosure by advertisement is void.
Affirmed.

 

Download the ruling here: http://dtc-systems.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Ruiz-vs-1st-Fidelity-Foreclosure-by-Advertisement-must-have-strict-compliance.pdf

 

Will the Niday & Brandrup Rulings Change How Foreclosures Are Conducted In Oregon? Not Likely!

mers-shareholdersWill the Niday & Brandrup Rulings Change How Foreclosures Are Conducted In Oregon? Not Likely!

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

This blog post was posted to the Querin Law LLC website (www.q-law.com).  Click the link below to read the post.

Will The Niday & Brandrup Rulings Change How Foreclosures Are Conducted In Oregon? Not Likely!

Posted on June 23, 2013 by Phil Querin

California Supreme Court Strikes Again – Overturns the Fraud Exception to the Parol Evidence Rule

California Supreme Court Strikes Again – Overturns the Fraud Exception to the Parol Evidence Rule

By Daniel Edstrom
DTC Systems, Inc.

Oral promises not appearing in a written contract are admissible in court when pleading borrowers were tricked into signing agreements.  This unanimous decision overturns longstanding California Supreme Court decision from Bank of America etc. Assn. v. Pendergrass (1935) 4 Cal.2d 258, 263.

Here is the complete ruling, issued on January 14, 2013:

 The parol evidence rule protects the integrity of written contracts by making their terms the exclusive evidence of the parties. agreement. However, an established exception to the rule allows a party to present extrinsic evidence to show that the agreement was tainted by fraud. Here, we consider the scope of the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule.

As we discuss below, the fraud exception is a longstanding one, and is usually stated in broad terms. However, in 1935 this court adopted a limitation on the fraud exception: evidence offered to prove fraud “must tend to establish some independent fact or representation, some fraud in the procurement of the instrument or some breach of confidence concerning its use, and not a promise directly at variance with the promise of the writing.” (Bank of America etc. Assn. v. Pendergrass (1935) 4 Cal.2d 258, 263 (Pendergrass).) The Pendergrass rule has been criticized but followed by California courts, for the most part, though some have narrowly construed it. The Court of Appeal in this case adopted such a narrow construction, deciding that evidence of an alleged oral misrepresentation of the written terms themselves is not barred by the Pendergrass rule.

Plaintiffs, who prevailed below, not only defend the Court of Appeal.s holding but, alternatively, invite us to reconsider Pendergrass. There are good reasons for doing so. The Pendergrass limitation finds no support in the language of the statute codifying the parol evidence rule and the exception for evidence of fraud. It is difficult to apply. It conflicts with the doctrine of the Restatements, most treatises, and the majority of our sister-state jurisdictions. Furthermore, while intended to prevent fraud, the rule established in Pendergrass may actually provide a shield for fraudulent conduct. Finally, Pendergrass departed from established California law at the time it was decided, and neither acknowledged nor justified the abrogation. We now conclude that Pendergrass was ill- considered, and should be overruled.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Lance and Pamela Workman fell behind on their loan payments to defendant Fresno-Madera Production Credit Association (Credit Association or Association). They restructured their debt in an agreement, dated March 26, 2007, which confirmed outstanding loans with a total delinquency of $776, 380.24.1 In the new agreement, the Credit Association promised it would take no enforcement action until July 1, 2007, if the Workmans made specified payments. As

1 The Workmans signed individually as borrowers, and on behalf of the Workman Family Living Trust as guarantors. Lance Workman also signed as president of Riverisland Agribusiness and Riverisland Cold Storage, Inc., corporations designated in the agreement as “borrowers.” Riverisland Cold Storage and the Workman Family Trust are also plaintiffs in this action. We sometimes refer to plaintiffs collectively as “the Workmans.” additional collateral, the Workmans pledged eight separate parcels of real property. They initialed pages bearing the legal descriptions of these parcels.2

2 Through an apparent oversight, their initials appear on only the first, second, and last of the four pages listing the properties in which the Credit Association took a security interest.

The Workmans did not make the required payments. On March 21, 2008, the Credit Association recorded a notice of default. Eventually, the Workmans repaid the loan and the Association dismissed its foreclosure proceedings. The Workmans then filed this action, seeking damages for fraud and negligent misrepresentation, and including causes of action for rescission and reformation of the restructuring agreement. They alleged that the Association.s vice president, David Ylarregui, met with them two weeks before the agreement was signed, and told them the Association would extend the loan for two years in exchange for additional collateral consisting of two ranches. The Workmans further claimed that when they signed the agreement Ylarregui assured them its term was two years and the ranches were the only additional security. As noted, the contract actually contemplated only three months of forbearance by the Association, and identified eight parcels as additional collateral. The Workmans did not read the agreement, but simply signed it at the locations tabbed for signature.

The Credit Association moved for summary judgment. It contended the Workmans could not prove their claims because the parol evidence rule barred evidence of any representations contradicting the terms of the written agreement. In opposition, the Workmans argued that Ylarregui.s misrepresentations were admissible under the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule. Relying on Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d 258, the trial court granted summary judgment, ruling that the fraud exception does not allow parol evidence of promises at odds with the terms of the written agreement.

The Court of Appeal reversed. It reasoned that Pendergrass is limited to cases of promissory fraud. 3 The court considered false statements about the contents of the agreement itself to be factual misrepresentations beyond the scope of the Pendergrass rule. We granted the Credit Association.s petition for review.

3 One of the forms of “[a]ctual fraud” is “[a] promise made without any intention of performing it.” (Civ. Code, § 1572, subd. 4; see Lazar v. Superior Court (1996) 12 Cal.4th 631, 638 [“An action for promissory fraud may lie where a defendant fraudulently induces the plaintiff to enter into a contract”]; 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Torts, § 781, pp. 1131-1132.)

4 Code of Civil Procedure section 1856, subdivision (a) states: “Terms set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement.” Further unspecified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

Civil Code section 1625 states: “The execution of a contract in writing, whether the law requires it to be written or not, supersedes all the negotiations or stipulations concerning its matter which preceded or accompanied the execution of the instrument.”

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Parol Evidence Rule and the Pendergrass Limitation

The parol evidence rule is codified in Code of Civil Procedure section 1856 and Civil Code section 1625. It provides that when parties enter an integrated written agreement, extrinsic evidence may not be relied upon to alter or add to the terms of the writing.4 (Casa Herrera, Inc. v. Beydoun (2004) 32 Cal.4th 336, 343 (Casa Herrera).) “An integrated agreement is a writing or writings constituting a final expression of one or more terms of an agreement.” (Rest.2d Contracts, § 209, subd. (1); see Alling v. Universal Manufacturing Corp. (1992)

5 Cal.App.4th 1412, 1433.) There is no dispute in this case that the parties. agreement was integrated.

Although the parol evidence rule results in the exclusion of evidence, it is not a rule of evidence but one of substantive law. (Casa Herrera, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 343.) It is founded on the principle that when the parties put all the terms of their agreement in writing, the writing itself becomes the agreement. The written terms supersede statements made during the negotiations. Extrinsic evidence of the agreement.s terms is thus irrelevant, and cannot be relied upon. (Casa Herrera, at p. 344.) “[T]he parol evidence rule, unlike the statute of frauds, does not merely serve an evidentiary purpose; it determines the enforceable and incontrovertible terms of an integrated written agreement.” (Id. at p. 345; cf. Sterling v. Taylor (2007) 40 Cal.4th 757, 766 [explaining evidentiary function of statute of frauds].) The purpose of the rule is to ensure that the parties. final understanding, deliberately expressed in writing, is not subject to change. (Casa Herrera, at p. 345.)

Section 1856, subdivision (f) establishes a broad exception to the operation of the parol evidence rule: “Where the validity of the agreement is the fact in dispute, this section does not exclude evidence relevant to that issue.” This provision rests on the principle that the parol evidence rule, intended to protect the terms of a valid written contract, should not bar evidence challenging the validity of the agreement itself. “Evidence to prove that the instrument is void or voidable for mistake, fraud, duress, undue influence, illegality, alteration, lack of consideration, or another invalidating cause is admissible. This evidence does not contradict the terms of an effective integration, because it shows that the purported instrument has no legal effect.” (2 Witkin, Cal. Evidence (5th ed. 2012) Documentary Evidence, § 97, p. 242; see also id., §§ 66 & 72, pp. 206 & 211.)

The fraud exception is expressly stated in section 1856, subdivision (g): “This section does not exclude other evidence . . . to establish . . . fraud.”

Despite the unqualified language of section 1856, which broadly permits evidence relevant to the validity of an agreement and specifically allows evidence of fraud, the Pendergrass court decided to impose a limitation on the fraud exception.5 The facts of Pendergrass are similar in certain respects to those here. Borrowers fell behind on their payments. They and the bank executed a new promissory note, which was secured by additional collateral and payable on demand. Soon after it was signed, the bank seized the encumbered property and sued to enforce the note. In defense, the borrowers claimed the bank had promised not to interfere with their farming operations for the remainder of the year, and to take the proceeds of those operations in payment. They alleged that the bank had no intention of performing these promises, but made them for the fraudulent purpose of obtaining the new note and additional collateral. (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 259-262.)

5 The version of section 1856 in effect at the time of Pendergrass was enacted in 1872. That statutory formulation of the parol evidence rule included the terms now found in section 1856, subdivisions (f) and (g). (See Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule (Nov. 1977) 14 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep. (1978) p. 147.)

The Pendergrass court concluded that further proceedings were required to determine whether the lender had pursued the proper form of action. (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 262-263.) However, the court also considered whether oral testimony would be admissible to establish the lender.s alleged promise not to require payment until the borrowers sold their crops. “This promise is in direct contravention of the unconditional promise contained in the note to pay the money on demand. The question then is: Is such a promise the subject of parol proof for the purpose of establishing fraud as a defense to the action or by way of cancelling the note, assuming, of course, that it can be properly coupled with proof that it was made without any intention of performing it?” (Id. at p. 263.)

“Our conception of the rule which permits parol evidence of fraud to establish the invalidity of the instrument is that it must tend to establish some independent fact or representation, some fraud in the procurement of the instrument or some breach of confidence concerning its use, and not a promise directly at variance with the promise of the writing. We find apt language in Towner v. Lucas’ Exr. [(1857)] 54 Va. (13 Gratt.) 705, 716, in which to express our conviction: „It is reasoning in a circle, to argue that fraud is made out, when it is shown by oral testimony that the obligee contemporaneously with the execution of a bond, promised not to enforce it. Such a principle would nullify the rule: for conceding that such an agreement is proved, or any other contradicting the written instrument, the party seeking to enforce the written agreement according to its terms, would always be guilty of fraud. The true question is, Was there any such agreement? And this can only be established by legitimate testimony. For reasons founded in wisdom and to prevent frauds and perjuries, the rule of the common law excludes such oral testimony of the alleged agreement; and as it cannot be proved by legal evidence, the agreement itself in legal contemplation, cannot be regarded as existing in fact.. ” (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 263-264.)

B. Reactions to Pendergrass

Despite some criticism, Pendergrass has survived for over 75 years and the Courts of Appeal have followed it, albeit with varying degrees of fidelity. (See Casa Herrera, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 346; Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 346, 369-377 [reviewing cases]; Price v. Wells Fargo Bank (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 465, 484-485 [discussing criticism]; Sweet, Promissory Fraud and the Parol Evidence Rule (1961) 49 Cal. L.Rev. 877 (Sweet) [criticizing Pendergrass].) Until now, this court has not revisited the Pendergrass rule.6

6 Casa Herrera was not itself a parol evidence case; there we held that a nonsuit based on the parol evidence rule amounted to a favorable termination for purposes of a subsequent malicious prosecution action. (Casa Herrera, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 349.)

The primary ground of attack on Pendergrass has been that it is inconsistent with the principle, reflected in the terms of section 1856, that a contract may be invalidated by a showing of fraud. (Coast Bank v. Holmes (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 581, 591; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 887; Note, Parol Evidence: Admissibility to Show That a Promise Was Made Without Intention to Perform It (1950) 38 Cal. L.Rev. 535, 538 (Note); see also Pacific State Bank v. Greene (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 375, 390, 392.) Evidence is deemed admissible for the purpose of proving fraud, without restriction, in the Restatements. (Rest.2d Contracts, § 214, subd. (d), and coms. c & d, pp. 134-135; see also id., § 166, com. c, p. 452; Rest.2d Torts, § 530, com. c, p. 65.) Most of the treatises agree that evidence of fraud is not affected by the parol evidence rule. (E.g., 6 Corbin on Contracts (rev. ed. 2010) § 25.20[A], pp. 277-280; II Farnsworth on Contracts (3d ed. 2004) § 7.4, pp. 245-246; 11 Williston on Contracts (4th ed. 1999) § 33:17, pp. 632-633.) The majority of other jurisdictions follow this traditional view. (See Airs Intern., Inc. v. Perfect Scents Distributions (N.D.Cal. 1995) 902 F.Supp. 1141, 1146, fn. 15; Touche Ross, Ltd. v. Filipek (Haw.Ct.App. 1989) 778 P.2d 721, 728; Pinnacle Peak Developers v. TRW Investment Corp. (Ariz.Ct.App. 1980) 631 P.2d 540, 545 [collecting cases]; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 889.)

Underlying the objection that Pendergrass overlooks the impact of fraud on the validity of an agreement is a more practical concern: its limitation on evidence of fraud may itself further fraudulent practices. As an Oregon court noted: “Oral promises made without the promisor.s intention that they will be performed could be an effective means of deception if evidence of those fraudulent promises were never admissible merely because they were at variance with a subsequent written agreement.” (Howell v. Oregonian Publishing Co. (Or.Ct.App. 1987) 735 P.2d 659, 661; see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 896 [“Promises made without the intention on the part of the promisor that they will be performed are unfortunately a facile and effective means of deception”].) Corbin observes: “The best reason for allowing fraud and similar undermining factors to be proven extrinsically is the obvious one: if there was fraud, or a mistake or some form of illegality, it is unlikely that it was bargained over or will be recited in the document. To bar extrinsic evidence would be to make the parol evidence rule a shield to protect misconduct or mistake.” (6 Corbin on Contracts, supra, § 25.20[A], p. 280.)

Pendergrass has been criticized on other grounds as well. The distinction between promises deemed consistent with the writing and those considered inconsistent has been described as “tenuous.” (Coast Bank v. Holmes, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d at p. 591; see Simmons v. Cal. Institute of Technology (1949) 34 Cal.2d 264, 274; Note, supra, 38 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 537 [discussing Simmons]; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 896 [“any attempt to forecast results in this area is a hazardous undertaking”].) The distinction between false promises and misrepresentations of fact has been called “very troublesome.” (Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 895.) It has also been noted that some courts have resisted applying the Pendergrass limitation by various means, leading to uncertainty in the case law. (See Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at pp. 369, 376-377; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 885-886; id. at p. 907

[“The California experience demonstrates that even where a restrictive rule is adopted, many devices will develop to avoid its impact”]; Note, The Fraud Exception to the Parol Evidence Rule: Necessary Protection for Fraud Victims or Loophole for Clever Parties? (2009) 82 So.Cal. L.Rev. 809, 829 (Fraud Exception) [reviewing cases, and concluding that “inconsistent application of the fraud exception . . . undermines the belief that the Pendergrass rule is clear, defensible, and viable”].)7

7 For instance, it has been held, erroneously, that Pendergrass has no application to a fraud cause of action. (Cobbledick-Kibbe Glass Co. v. Pugh (1958) 161 Cal.App.2d 123, 126; see West v. Henderson (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 1578, 1584.) Fine distinctions between consistent and inconsistent promises have been made, with no effort to evaluate the relative weight attached by the defrauded party to the consistent and inconsistent representations. (E.g., Coast Bank v. Holmes, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d at p. 592; Shyvers v. Mitchell (1955) 133 Cal.App.2d 569, 573-574.) On one occasion, Pendergrass was simply flouted. (Munchow v. Kraszewski (1976) 56 Cal.App.3d 831, 836.)

The most well-developed detour around Pendergrass has drawn a line between false promises at variance with the terms of a contract and misrepresentations of fact about the contents of the document. This theory, on which the Court of Appeal below relied, was articulated at length in Pacific State Bank v. Greene, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at pages 390-396. However, in our view the Greene approach merely adds another layer of complexity to the Pendergrass rule, and depends on an artificial distinction. In Greene, a borrower was allegedly assured she was guaranteeing only certain indebtedness, an assurance that was both a false promise and a misrepresentation of the contract terms. (Greene, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at pp. 382-383.) The Greene court conceded that evidence of the promise would have been inadmissible had it not been made when the contract was executed. (Id. at p. 394.) In this case, the Greene rule would exclude Ylarregui.s alleged false promises in advance of the parties. agreement, but allow evidence of the same promises at the signing. For another example of an elusive distinction between false promises and factual misrepresentations, see Continental Airlines, Inc. v. McDonnell Douglas Corp. (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 388, 419-423.

In 1977, the California Law Revision Commission ignored Pendergrass when it proposed modifications to the statutory formulation of the parol evidence rule. The Commission advised the Legislature to conform the terms of section 1856 with rulings handed down by this court, observing: “As the parol evidence rule exists in California today, it bears little resemblance to the statutory statement of the rule.” (Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep., supra, pp. 147-148.) The Commission identified three opinions for consideration in designing revisions to the statute. (Id. at p. 148, fns. 6, 7, & 10, citing Delta Dynamics, Inc. v. Arioto (1968) 69 Cal.2d 525, Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 33, and Masterson v. Sine (1968) 68 Cal.2d 222.)

Conspicuously omitted was any mention of Pendergrass and its nonstatutory limitation on the fraud exception. The Commission.s discussion of the parol evidence rule set out the fraud exception without restriction, citing Coast Bank v. Holmes, supra, 19 Cal.App.3d 581, which was strongly critical of Pendergrass. (Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep., supra, p. 148.)8 The Commission.s proposed revisions were adopted by the Legislature. They included no substantive changes to the statutory language allowing evidence that goes to the validity of an agreement, and evidence of fraud in particular. (Recommendation, at p. 152; see Stats. 1978, ch. 150, § 1, pp. 374-375.)

8 The Commission.s awareness of Pendergrass is also indicated by its reliance on a law review article suggesting reforms to the parol evidence rule, which implicitly criticized Pendergrass. (Sweet, Contract Making and Parol Evidence: Diagnosis and Treatment of a Sick Rule (1968) 53 Cornell L.Rev. 1036, 1049, fn. 67; see Recommendation Relating to Parol Evidence Rule, 14 Cal. Law Revision Com. Rep., supra, p. 147, fns. 2 & 3.)

On the other hand, Pendergrass has had its defenders. Its limitation on evidence of fraud has been described as “an entirely defensible decision favoring the policy considerations underlying the parol evidence rule over those supporting a fraud cause of action.” (Price v. Wells Fargo Bank, supra, 213 Cal.App.3d at p. 485; accord, Duncan v. The McCaffrey Group, Inc., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 369; Banco Do Brasil, S.A. v. Latian, Inc. (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 973, 1010.) The Price court observed that “[a] broad doctrine of promissory fraud may allow parties to litigate disputes over the meaning of contract terms armed with an arsenal of tort remedies inappropriate to the resolution of commercial disputes.” (Price, supra, at p. 485; see also Banco Do Brasil, at pp. 1010-1011.)

We note as well that the Pendergrass approach is not entirely without support in the treatises and law reviews. Wigmore, in a comment relied upon by the bank in Pendergrass and referred to indirectly by the Pendergrass court, has opined that an intent not to perform a promise should not be considered fraudulent for purposes of the parol evidence rule. (IX Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev. 1981) § 2439, p. 130; see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at p. 883; Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at p. 264.) A recent law review comment, while critical of Pendergrass, favors limiting the scope of the fraud exception and advocates an even stricter rule for sophisticated parties. (Fraud Exception, supra, 82 So.Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 812-813.)

C. Pendergrass Reconsidered

There are multiple reasons to question whether Pendergrass has stood the test of time. It has been criticized as bad policy. Its limitation on the fraud exception is inconsistent with the governing statute, and the Legislature did not adopt that limitation when it revised section 1856 based on a survey of California case law construing the parol evidence rule. Pendergrass.s divergence from the path followed by the Restatements, the majority of other states, and most commentators is cause for concern, and leads us to doubt whether restricting fraud claims is necessary to serve the purposes of the parol evidence rule. Furthermore, the functionality of the Pendergrass limitation has been called into question by the vagaries of its interpretations in the Courts of Appeal.

We respect the principle of stare decisis, but reconsideration of a poorly reasoned opinion is nevertheless appropriate.9 It is settled that if a decision departed from an established general rule without discussing the contrary authority, its weight as precedent is diminished. (See, e.g., Phelan v. Superior Court (1950) 35 Cal.2d 363, 367-369; 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 537, pp. 606-608.) Accordingly, we review the state of the law on the scope of the fraud exception when Pendergrass was decided, to determine if it was consistent with California law at that time.

9 “ „The doctrine of stare decisis expresses a fundamental policy . . . that a rule once declared in an appellate decision constitutes a precedent which should normally be followed . . . . It is based on the assumption that certainty, predictability and stability in the law are the major objectives of the legal system . . . .. (9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Appeal, § 758, p. 726; Moradi- Shalal v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Companies (1988) 46 Cal.3d 287, 296.) But, as Justice Frankfurter wrote, it equally is true that „ “ „[s]tare decisis is a principle of policy and not a mechanical formula of adherence to the latest decision, however recent and questionable, when such adherence involves collision with a prior doctrine more embracing in its scope, intrinsically sounder, and verified by experience.. [Citations.]” . (Cianci v. Superior Court (1985) 40 Cal.3d 903, 923- 924, quoting Boys Markets v. Clerks Union (1970) 398 U.S. 235, 240-241.) As this court has stated: „Although the doctrine [of stare decisis] does indeed serve important values, it nevertheless should not shield court-created error from correction.. (Cianci v. Superior Court, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 924; County of Los Angeles v. Faus (1957) 48 Cal.2d 672, 679 [„Previous decisions should not be followed to the extent that error may be perpetuated and that wrong may result..]. See also the concurring opinion of Justice Mosk in Smith v. Anderson (1967) 67 Cal.2d 635, 646, quoting Wolf v. Colorado (1949) 338 U.S. 25, 47 [„ “Wisdom too often never comes, and so one ought not to reject it merely because it comes late.” .].)” (Peterson v. Superior Court (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1185, 1195-1196; see also Freeman & Mills, Inc. v. Belcher Oil Co. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 85, 92-93.)  Earlier cases from this court routinely stated without qualification that parol evidence was admissible to prove fraud. (E.g., Martin v. Sugarman (1933) 218 Cal. 17, 19; Ferguson v. Koch (1928) 204 Cal. 342, 347; Mooney v. Cyriacks (1921) 185 Cal. 70, 80; Maxson v. Llewelyn (1898) 122 Cal. 195, 199; Hays v. Gloster (1891) 88 Cal. 560, 565; Brison v. Brison (1888) 75 Cal. 525, 528; see also 10 Cal.Jur. (1923) Evidence § 203, pp. 937-938; Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 880-882.) As the Ferguson court declared, “Parol evidence is always admissible to prove fraud, and it was never intended that the parol evidence rule should be used as a shield to prevent the proof of fraud.” (Ferguson, supra, 204 Cal. at p. 347.)

Historically, this unconditional rule was applied in cases of promissory fraud. For instance, in Langley v. Rodriguez (1898) 122 Cal. 580, the trial court excluded evidence of an oral promise by a packing company agent to make an advance payment to a grower. This court reversed, stating: “The oral promise to pay part of the agreed price in advance of the curing of the crop was in conflict with the provision of the written contract that payment would be made on delivery of the raisins at the packing-house, and if the promise was honestly made it was undoubtedly within the rule forbidding proof of a contemporaneous or prior oral agreement to detract from the terms of a contract in writing. The rule cannot be avoided by showing that the promise outside the writing has been broken; such breach in itself does not constitute fraud. [Citations.] But a promise made without any intention of performing it is one of the forms of actual fraud (Civ. Code, sec. 1572); and cases are not infrequent where relief against a contract reduced to writing has been granted on the ground that its execution was procured by means of oral promises fraudulent in the particular mentioned, however variant from the terms of the written engagement into which they were the means of inveigling the party. [Citations.]” (Langley, supra, 122 Cal. at pp. 581-582; see also, e.g., Hays v. Gloster, supra, 88 Cal. at p. 565; Brison v. Brison, supra, 75 Cal. at p. 528.)

Interestingly, two years after Pendergrass this court fell back on the old rule in Fleury v. Ramacciotti (1937) 8 Cal.2d 660, a promissory fraud case. Ramacciotti, a mortgage debtor, claimed he had signed a renewal note without reading it, relying on a false promise that the note included a provision barring a deficiency judgment. (Id. at p. 661.) The trial court ruled in Ramacciotti.s favor. The Fleury court affirmed, stating summarily: “Plaintiff.s contention that the evidence was admitted in violation of the parol evidence rule is of course untenable, for although a written instrument may supersede prior negotiations and understandings leading up to it, fraud may always be shown to defeat the effect of an agreement.” (Id. at p. 662; see also Stock v. Meek (1950) 35 Cal.2d 809, 815- 816 [mistake of law case, quoting old rule and language from Rest. of Contracts permitting extrinsic evidence of mistake or fraud].)

Thus, Pendergrass was plainly out of step with established California law. Moreover, the authorities to which it referred, upon examination, provide little support for the rule it declared. The Pendergrass court relied primarily on Towner v. Lucas’ Exr., supra, 54 Va. 705, quoting that opinion at length. (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at pp. 263-264.) In Towner, a debtor relied on an oral promise of indemnity against payment on surety bonds. However, no fraud was alleged, nor was it claimed that the promise had been made without the intent to perform, an essential element of promissory fraud. (Towner, supra, 54 Va. at pp. 706, 722; see Langley v. Rodriguez, supra, 122 Cal. at p. 581; 5 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law, supra, Torts, § 781, p. 1131.) While dicta in Towner provides some support for the Pendergrass rule, the Towner court appeared to be principally concerned with the consequences of a rule that mere proof of nonperformance of an oral promise at odds with the writing would establish fraud. (Towner, supra, 54 Va. at p. 716; see Sweet, supra, 49 Cal. L.Rev. at pp. 884-885.)

Pendergrass also cited a number of California cases. Yet not one of them considered the fraud exception to the parol evidence rule. (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at p. 264, citing Harding v. Robinson (1917) 175 Cal. 534, Lindemann v. Coryell (1922) 59 Cal.App. 788, McArthur v. Johnson (1932) 216 Cal. 580, Pierce v. Avakian (1914) 167 Cal. 330, Booth v. Hoskins (1888) 75 Cal. 271, and Estate of Watterson (1933) 130 Cal.App. 741. See Harding, at p. 539 [“As the complaint is totally insufficient to raise an issue of fraud, so, also, are the findings totally insufficient to establish fraud”]; Lindemann, at p. 791 [“no questions of fraud, deceit or mistake are raised”]; McArthur, at p. 581 [“ „No issues of invalidity, illegality, fraud, accident or mistake were tendered. ”]; Pierce, at p. 331 [no allegation of fraud]; Booth, at p. 276 [no fraud; “The whole case shows that Booth justly owed the defendant all the money claimed by him”]; Watterson, at p. 745 [discussing mistake and ambiguity, but not fraud].)

Accordingly, we conclude that Pendergrass was an aberration. It purported to follow section 1856 (Pendergrass, supra, 4 Cal.2d at p. 264), but its restriction on the fraud exception was inconsistent with the terms of the statute, and with settled case law as well. Pendergrass failed to account for the fundamental principle that fraud undermines the essential validity of the parties. agreement. When fraud is proven, it cannot be maintained that the parties freely entered into an agreement reflecting a meeting of the minds. Moreover, Pendergrass has led to instability in the law, as courts have strained to avoid abuses of the parol evidence rule. The Pendergrass court sought to “ „prevent frauds and perjuries. ” (id. at p. 263), but ignored California law protecting against promissory fraud. The fraud exception has been part of the parol evidence rule since the earliest days of our jurisprudence, and the Pendergrass opinion did not justify the abridgment it imposed. For these reasons, we overrule Pendergrass and its progeny, and reaffirm the venerable maxim stated in Ferguson v. Koch, supra, 204 Cal. at page 347: “[I]t was never intended that the parol evidence rule should be used as a shield to prevent the proof of fraud.”

This court took a similar action in Tenzer v. Superscope, Inc. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 18 (Tenzer). Tenzer disapproved a 44-year-old line of cases to bring California law into accord with the Restatement Second of Torts, holding that a fraud action is not barred when the allegedly fraudulent promise is unenforceable under the statute of frauds. Considerations that were persuasive in Tenzer also support our conclusion here. The Tenzer court decided the Restatement view was better as a matter of policy.10 (Tenzer, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 29.) It noted the principle that a rule intended to prevent fraud, in that case the statute of frauds, should not be applied so as to facilitate fraud. (Id. at p. 30.) The court further reasoned that restricting fraud claims was not necessary to prevent nullification of the statute of frauds, because promissory fraud is not easily established. Proof of intent not to perform is required. It is insufficient to show an unkept but honest promise, or mere subsequent failure of performance. (Ibid.) “ „[S]omething more than nonperformance is required to prove the defendant.s intent not to perform his promise.. [Citations.] To be sure, fraudulent intent must often be established by circumstantial evidence. . . . However, if [a] plaintiff adduces no further evidence

10 Tenzer observed: “ „Comment (c) to section 530 of the Restatement Second of the Law of Torts states that a misrepresentation of one.s intention is actionable even “when the agreement is oral and made unenforceable by the statute of frauds, or when it is unprovable and so unenforceable under the parol evidence rule.” . ” (Tenzer, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 29.) Witkin, noting this reference to the parol evidence rule, questioned whether the Pendergrass limitation would survive. (2 Witkin, Cal. Evidence, supra, Documentary Evidence § 100, pp. 245-246.) of fraudulent intent than proof of nonperformance of an oral promise, he will never reach a jury.” (Id. at pp. 30-31.)

Here, as in Tenzer, we stress that the intent element of promissory fraud entails more than proof of an unkept promise or mere failure of performance. We note also that promissory fraud, like all forms of fraud, requires a showing of justifiable reliance on the defendant.s misrepresentation. (Lazar v. Superior Court, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 638.) The Credit Association contends the Workmans failed to present evidence sufficient to raise a triable issue on the element of reliance, given their admitted failure to read the contract. However, we decline to decide this question in the first instance. The trial court did not reach the issue of reliance in the summary judgment proceedings below, nor did the Court of Appeal address it.11

11 In Rosenthal v. Great Western Fin. Securities Corp. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 394, 419 (Rosenthal), we considered whether parties could justifiably rely on misrepresentations when they did not read their contracts. We held that negligent failure to acquaint oneself with the contents of a written agreement precludes a finding that the contract is void for fraud in the execution. (Id. at p. 423.) In that context, “[o]ne party.s misrepresentations as to the nature or character of the writing do not negate the other party.s apparent manifestation of assent, if the second party had „reasonable opportunity to know of the character or essential terms of the proposed contract.. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

We expressed no view in Rosenthal on the “validity” and “exact parameters” of a more lenient rule that has been applied when equitable relief is sought for fraud in the inducement of a contract. (Rosenthal, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 423; see California Trust Co. v. Cohn (1932) 214 Cal. 619, 627; Fleury v. Ramaciotti, supra, 8 Cal.2d at p. 662; Lynch v. Cruttenden & Co. (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 802, 807; 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law, supra, Contracts, § 301, pp. 327-328.) Here as well we need not explore the degree to which failure to read the contract affects the viability of a claim of fraud in the inducement.

III. DISPOSITION

We affirm the Court of Appeal.s judgment.

CORRIGAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J. KENNARD, J. BAXTER, J. WERDEGAR, J. CHIN, J. LIU, J.

 

Download the ruling here: http://dtc-systems.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Riverisland-Cold-Storage-vs-Fresno-Madera-Production-Credit.pdf

 

Independent Foreclosure Review Claims Due by 12/31/2012

Independent Foreclosure Review Claims Due by 12/31/2012

By Daniel Edstrom

Claims for the wrongful actions of servicers are due under the Independent Foreclosure Review by 12/31/2012. Claims can be entered through the Independent Foreclosure Reviews website at https://independentforeclosurereview.com/

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System have oversight. Mortgage servicers involved are the following:

  • America’s Servicing Co.
  • Aurora Loan Services
  • BAC Home Loans Servicing
  • Bank of America
  • Beneficial
  • Chase
  • Citibank
  • CitiFinancial
  • CitiMortgage
  • Countrywide
  • EMC
  • EverBank/EverHome Mortgage Company
  • Financial Freedom
  • GMAC Mortgage
  • HFC
  • HSBC
  • IndyMac Mortgage Services
  • MetLife Bank
  • National City Mortgage
  • PNC Mortgage
  • Sovereign Bank
  • SunTrust Mortgage
  • U.S. Bank
  • Wachovia
  • Washington Mutual
  • Wells Fargo
  • Wilshire Credit Corporation

10/6/2012 – Sacramento, CA – Full Day CLE Workshop Seminar: Bankruptcy Strategies for Distressed Multiple Property Owners and Homeowners in using Chapter 11

10/6/2012 – Sacramento, CA – Full Day CLE Workshop Seminar: Bankruptcy Strategies for Distressed Multiple Property Owners and Homeowners using Chapter 11

October 6th, 2012 – in Sacramento, California (Auburn)

Venue is the Holiday Inn Auburn, CA http://auburnhi.com (Subject to change, check back often)

We are seeking approval for Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) from the State Bar of California for 6.75 Total credit hours.

SECURE DOCUMENT RESEARCH
Auburn, CA 95603; ph: 530.888.9600

DTC Systems, Inc
[email protected]
http://www.dtc-systems.net

Presented by:
Secure Document Research and DTC Systems, Inc
http://www.dtc-systems.net in Association with the Yarmy Law Group http://yarmylawlv.com/

REGISTER EARLY, LIMITED SEATING IS AVAILABLE
Register: http://sdr-sacramento.eventbrite.com/

Standard attorney enrollment fee is $497.00
Standard Property Owner/Homeowner enrollment fee is $197.00

Visit us at http://www.dtc-systems.net

If you have any problems registering for this event, you can also register by sending PayPal payments directly to [email protected]

Problems Registering? Call 530.888.9600

Presented by:
Secure Document Research and DTC Systems, Inc. in Association with the Yarmy Law Group
REGISTER EARLY, LIMITED SEATING IS AVAILABLE

Workshop Information
This is a comprehensive 1-day workshop CLE seminar for lawyers and paralegals: Bankruptcy Strategies for Distressed Multiple Property Owners and Homeowners using Chapter 11

We are seeking approval for Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) from the State Bar of California for 6.75 Total credit hours.

Speakers:

1. James Macklin
Owner of Secure Document Research providing Securitization Research and Analysis. While working briefly within the securities industry, Mr Macklin has been focused on the study of economics and macro-economics for over fifteen years, gathering professional insight into Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Financial Accounting Standards, business ethics, securitization and the effects of “Control Fraud” (William Black, Professor; U.M.K.C.,) on market analysis. Mr. Macklin is now committed to the education, en mass, of the legal industry as a tool for the protection of rights of the under-sophisticated investing and borrowing public at large. James Macklin has over 10,000 hours of research into Securitization, Title and Publicly Recorded Instruments.
[email protected]

2. Daniel Edstrom
President of DTC Systems, Inc, having been in Information Technology for the last 18 years as a Systems Architect and Software Architect.The transformation of complex business requirements to complex Wall Street Engineering was an easy one. Securitization Expert, Daniel Edstrom analyzes complex financial engineering securitization transactions as well as providing a failure analysis, with well over 10,000 hours of research into Securitization and Title. Besides working for his own company, Daniel is a Senior Securitization Analyst for the Garfield Firm (www.garfieldfirm.com).
[email protected]

3. Steve Yarmy
I started a chapter 11 practice about three years ago to assist businesses and individuals who were hard hit by the drastic decline in property values. I have filed over 50 chapter 11 bankruptcies. I have achieved enormous success in confirming the chapter 11 plans. I attribute my success to building relationships with the creditors attorneys, along with a developed strategy in processing the chapter 11. This process has been duplicated by other chapter 11 attorneys because of my streamlined strategy.
Do to the success achieved in Las Vegas chapter 11’s, I initiated a practice in the Reno area (Yarmy Law Group).  Currently, I associate with the Kidder Law Group which is located in the Reno area. We have over 7 plans on file, and expect a tremendous confirmation rate.
Recently, I have a Pro Hoc Vice with a California attorney in an effort to pass on the success to parties in California. We anticipate working closely with counsel in California to expand the case load there.
Presently, I devote most of my time to chapter 11 bankruptcies and any litigation resulting from lender practices. I plan to continue this trend for sometime moving forward.
[email protected]

4. Chris Craig, M.B.A.
Legal Assistant to Steve Yarmy

*Both James Macklin and Daniel Edstrom are not attorneys.

THIS WORKSHOP AND/OR ANY MATERIALS DISTRIBUTED AT THE WORKSHOP IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR LEGAL ADVICE FROM LOCAL COUNSEL LICENSED TO PRACTICE IN THE COUNTY AND STATE WHERE THE SUBJECT PROPERTY IS LOCATED. The information presented is for general information for you to understand the current context of foreclosures and to enable you to ask relevant questions of an attorney of your choosing. Any opinions presented here, along with facts, cases, examples or arguments, may not apply to your case. You should consult with local licensed counsel before employing them.

Venue:
Venue is the Holiday Inn in Auburn, CA
http://auburnhi.com (Subject to change, check back often)

Registration:
Pre-Registration is required and can be done on this website or over the phone at 530.888.9600, with payment by PayPal to [email protected]. Tickets will be emailed after payment is completed.

Pricing:
Attorneys: $497.00 for the one day worksho
Property Owners / Homeowners: $197.00 for the one day workshop

We are seeking approval for Minimum Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) from the State Bar of California for 6.75 Total credit hours.

Workshop Agenda

8:30–9:15 Introduction: James Macklin / Daniel Edstrom
9:15–10:00 Consummation and Closing Failure Analysis: Daniel Edstrom
10:00–10:15 Morning Break
10:15–11:00 Understanding the Purpose of the Recording Statute: James Macklin
11:00–11:45 Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Introduction: Chris Craig, M.B.A.
11:45 to 1:00 Lunch
1:00–1:45 Attracting Clients & Using the Creditor to Pay Attorneys fees: Steve Yarmy, Esq.
1:45–2:30 Filling out the Petition & First Day Motions: Steve Yarmy, Esq.
2:30–2:45 Afternoon Break
2:45–3:30 Operating Reports, Property Valuations and Motions: Steve Yarmy, Esq.
3:30–4:15 Panel Q&A

** Schedule subject to change without notice **